In the twenties of the XIX century in Paris, was built entirely of wood first overhead crane. Wood and wood-metal bearing structures of bridge and gantry cranes, gantry cranes booms are often used relatively more in the last quarter of XIX century. Activation of this mechanism and installations carried muscular strength humans or animals. Water engines, known to the ancient peoples of the Middle Ages and wind engines do not have them widely available. Only at the beginning of last century, when the development of industry and transport are increasingly it was necessary to lift heavy loads, with an increase rate of climb and horizontal displacement, the machine starts to drive for heavy-duty cranes and lifts for general purpose. The earliest time for use in machines of this group was the hydraulic drive, which served as the working fluid water, made to the working cylinder under pressure, up to several tens of atmospheres. The beginning of this drive is the end of XVIII century. However, the first crane with hydraulic drive was put into operation in England in 1846-1847gg. And only in the second half of XIX century. hydraulic actuator was widespread in stationary and mobile cranes, passenger and freight elevators (lifts), jacks, etc. In 1811, Betancourt in Russia was built mnogocherpakovaya dredging machine with a steam-powered, 80-ies of the last century was built the first steam railway crane and in 1877 - cable crane. By about this time that the creation of construction of bridge and gantry cranes. In the thirties of the XIX century. England (1827g.) was first carried out the construction of a stationary steam crane. But in the subsequent period with the steam-driven cranes have not been a noticeable proliferation due to imperfections in the design. In the 90 years. XIX century. Due to improved steam power plants, reducing their overall dimensions and weight, gradually replacing steam cranes, hydraulic cranes. In 1880, Germany had built the first electric lift (elevator) with a lifting mechanism, which consisted of the engine, the worm gear and gear that engages with teeth fixed guide rods. At the same time in Germany was built by an electric bridge crane with a drive of all arrangements from one electric motor, and in 1889, Mr. in the U.S. was put into operation the first electric overhead crane with individual electric machinery lifting goods, movement of trolley and crane bridge movement. In 1885 and 1891 years. application of electric drive extends to the gantry, Semi-and stationary cranes. In 1895, for the mobile crane was first used to drive internal combustion engines. Industrial crane building in particular began to develop after the invention of the electric drive. With the advent of the electric drive in Germany were established electric winch-pinion (1880) and elektroreversivnaya (1908). This period included the establishment of electric lifts (1880) and bridge cranes. With the development of residential and commercial development has appeared a need for construction cranes to replace the heavy human labor. In 1902 there were created jib-crane, consisting of a metal abutment (the flat triangular trusses) with the blocks mounted on a wooden tube mast with a winch installed on the ground. In 1905 in Germany was first established free-standing swivel stationary, and in 1908 - a mobile tower cranes with a change of departure with the trolley traveling on the boom. In 1914 was created a tower crane with a lifting boom, which has all the basic features of modern designs. Russia At the end of the XVII century. in the Moscow Kremlin has been raised with hand winches (the gate), using counterweights and levers Tsar bell weighing over 130 tons winches while were placed on the tower. Raised in advance small cargo-counterweights were placed on platforms suspended from ropes thrown over rectangular blocks. Application balances significantly reduced the effort to lift cargo. The figure shows a device for lifting the ore, as proposed in 1752 two loading platforms were connected to the gate so that the ore laden platform under the action of its own weight component of the platform and cargo moved down and lifted while simultaneously located the empty platform. To control the speed of descent was used odnokolodochny brake pad system of levers which operated on a large brake wheel, fitted on the shaft gate. Such pendulum pitched devices are widely used in metallurgical practice. Until the XVIII century. main sources of energy for lifting equipment were the muscular power of man or animal, and the power of falling water. Machine KD Frolov, equipped with two alternately rising badyami, set in motion the power of falling water. Change direction ropes could move through a special gate the flow of falling water on the right or left half of the drive wheel. The car was equipped with a brake odnokolodochnym controlled manually through the lever system. An example of the use of winches, pulleys and rollers for moving goods over long distances can serve as delivery of a granite stone weighing about 1000 pounds for the plinth of the monument to Peter I in 1769, Stone moved to a special flooring of two wooden frames, clips, had longitudinal grooves, reinforced with sheets of copper . In the trenches between the upper and lower clip, placed bronze balls. Mounts with the balloons formed a sort of ball thrust bearing. As you go under the stone is placed on top of a wooden frame-holder, fit new lower clips with balls. With the help of wooden woods and wooden gates in the years 1828-1830. in St. Petersburg was carried out works on installation of columns two-tiered colonnade of St. Isaac's Cathedral, and in 1832 - work on installing the Alexander Column, weight exceeding 600 tons. In pre-revolutionary Russia still has about one hundred and fifty years ago, individual pozakaznoe manufacture of cranes were built at the Kostroma mechanical plant. At the end of XIX century. production of various types of lifting equipment has been mastered a number of major engineering works (Sormovskiy, Kolomna, Bryansk, Kramatorsk, Putilovsky, etc.).